Totalrevision

  Born of Ice & Fire by Graham Shields Reviewed by Oliver Shields Life gnaws its way up through the lithic layers of time, shapeshifting, taking any form it can that will fit through the path it creates ahead. Abstract: Examining how my father’s book “Born of Ice & Fire: How Glaciers and Volcanoes (with a Pinch of Salt) Drove Animal Evolution” (2023) relates to my life and research, I first review the narrative choices made by the author and then propose a common historical framework for the disciplines of geology and political science that sheds light on life’s problem-solving behavior. This cross-pollination is prompted by the scientific framework linking geology with economics that Graham Shields puts forward and amends, rooted in Enlightenment Age thinking, which I proceed to uproot and turn on its head. My earliest memories are dominated by dinosaur dreams and real-life Australian fauna, always held firmly apart by layers upon layers of rock down to my synapses. I had a

In response to Qutluh, the one possessing  qut, or the breath of life Islamic fundamentalism as we know it today was founded on the writing of the Quran during the reign of ʿ Abd al-Malik from 685 to 705 (SHOEMAKER 2022) , since anything before that possessed the quality of a leader-follower relationship (as described in 7 th century sources, SHOEMAKER 2021) between Muhammad and his followers, while the political leaders of later generations used this legitimacy only indirectly. Islamisation during the expansion of muslim hegemony in the early 8 th century thus was the first imposition of Islamic fundamentalism through conquest and state coercion. To what extent did ʿAbd al-Malik intend to combine the precepts of the Quran put together by his team of scholars with previous traditions of statecraft? It is certainly possible he lived with the same contradictions as did many subsequent caliphs and especially Muslim sultans, shahanshas and khans, who tried to reconcile their inherited